Caracterización molecular de un brote de Klebsiella pneumoniae resistente a carbapenémicos en un hospital de alto nivel de complejidad de Medellín, Colombia / Molecular characterization of an outbreak of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in a tertiary care hospital in Medellín, Colombia

Introducción. La resistencia a los carbapenémicos constituye una seria amenaza para la salud pública a nivel mundial, ya que estos antibióticos son una de las últimas opciones terapéuticas contra las bacterias multirresistentes. La caracterización molecular de los brotes causados por bacterias resistentes aporta información relevante para el diseño de estrategias de control de infecciones. Objetivo. Describir las características moleculares de un brote de Klebsiella pneumoniae resistente a carbapenémicos ocurrido en un hospital de alto nivel de complejidad de Medellín entre 2010 y 2011. Materiales y métodos. A partir de una colección de cepas del brote ocurrido en la institución hospitalaria, se recuperaron 84 aislamientos de 32 pacientes infectados y 52 colonizados. La identificación y la sensibilidad de los aislamientos se establecieron mediante el sistema Vitek2 ® . La detección de carbapenemasas se hizo mediante el test de Hodge modificado y usando la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa. La relación genética entre los aislamientos se evaluó mediante electroforesis en gel de campo pulsado y tipificación de secuencias de locus múltiple. Resultados. Todos los aislamientos analizados fueron multirresistentes; el análisis molecular reveló que todos eran portadores del gen bla KPC-3 . El análisis genético mostró que los aislamientos de pacientes infectados y colonizados (58/64 aislamientos) estaban estrechamente relacionados (>80 %) y pertenecían al linaje ST258. Conclusión. Mediante el empleo de técnicas de tipificación molecular fue posible confirmar un brote ocasionado por K. pneumoniae ST258 portador del bla KPC-3 con un perfil de multirresistencia, el cual había sido asociado a uno anterior ocurrido en otro hospital de Medellín. El ST258 es un clon de alto riesgo presente a nivel mundial, lo que debe alertar sobre la posible diseminación de resistencia en el país. El empleo de herramientas moleculares en la vigilancia epidemiológica, es útil para evaluar la diseminación de microorganismos de interés en salud pública.

Introduction: Resistance to carbapenems is considered to represent a serious threat to public health at the global level, since these antibiotics are one of the last therapeutic options for the treatment of multidrug-resistant bacteria. Molecular characterization of outbreaks due to resistant bacteria provides information that can be used in the design of infection control strategies. Objective: To describe the molecular characteristics of an outbreak of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae that occurred in a tertiary care hospital in Medellín in 2010-2011. Materials and methods: Eighty-four isolates were obtained from a collection of strains associated with the hospital outbreak, of which 32 were from patients infected at that time and 52 were carriers. Identification and susceptibility of the isolates was performed using Vitek2 ® . Carbapenemases were detected using a modified Hodge test and polymerase chain reaction. Genetic relationships between the isolates were evaluated using pulsed field gel electrophoresis and multiple locus sequence typing. Results: All the isolates analyzed were multidrug resistant; molecular analysis revealed that all harbored bla KPC-3 . The genetic analysis showed that 58/64 of the isolates from both infected and colonized patients were closely related (Dice similarity index >80%) and belonged to the ST258 lineage. Conclusion: Using molecular typing techniques it was possible to confirm the occurrence of an outbreak caused by K. pneumoniae ST258, a carrier of bla KPC-3 with a multidrug-resistant profile which had been associated with a previous outbreak in another hospital in the city of Medellín. ST258 is a high risk clone at the global level, demonstrating the potential for dissemination of resistance in this country. Implementation of molecular tools in support of epidemiological surveillance is useful for evaluating the spread of microorganisms of public health significance.

Characterisation of virulence genes in methicillin susceptible and resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates from a paediatric population in a university hospital of Medellín, Colombia

Virulence and antibiotic resistance are significant determinants of the types of infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus and paediatric groups remain among the most commonly affected populations. The goal of this study was to characterise virulence genes of methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains isolated from a paediatric population of a Colombian University Hospital during 2009. Sixty MSSA and MRSA isolates were obtained from paediatric patients between zero-14 years. We identified the genes encoding virulence factors, which included Panton-Valentine leucocidine (PVL), staphylococcal enterotoxins A-E, exfoliative toxins A and B and toxic shock syndrome toxin 1. Typing of the staphylococcal chromosome cassette mec (SCCmec) was performed in MRSA strains. The virulence genes were more diverse and frequent in MSSA than in MRSA isolates (83 percent vs. 73 percent). MRSA strains harboured SCCmec types IVc (60 percent), I (30 percent), IVa (7 percent) and V (3 percent). SCCmec type IVc isolates frequently carried the PVL encoding genes and harboured virulence determinants resembling susceptible strains while SCCmec type I isolates were often negative. PVL was not exclusive to skin and soft tissue infections. As previously suggested, these differences in the distribution of virulence factor genes may be due to the fitness cost associated with methicillin resistance.